Microbiota intestinal y obesidad: relación fisiopatológica del eje intestino cerebro. Revisión Bibliográfica

Abstract

Obesity is a multifactorial chronic disease and is considered the pandemic of the 21st century, characterized by an excess of adipose tissue. In Ecuador, the obesity rate is 25.6% in women and 15% in men, ranking 115th out of 200 countries in terms of prevalence. The alteration of the gut microbiota and its interaction with the gut-brain axis are part of the pathophysiology of obesity, and the recognition of these mechanisms could lead to new therapeutic approaches. This study aims to describe the relationship between the intestinal microbiota, the gut-brain axis, and the development of obesity through a bibliographic review. An integral review of meta-analyses, systematic reviews, clinical trials, and other studies was conducted, analyzing articles published between January 2018 and December 2022 in Spanish and English obtained from PubMed. Fourteen articles were selected for data extraction and qualitative synthesis. Genetic sequencing was used to evaluate the microbiota, finding that the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio was significantly higher in obese individuals, indicating an alteration in microbial composition and lower diversity. Interventions such as high-frequency deep transcranial magnetic stimulation were found to be effective in regulating the composition of the microbiota in obese individuals. The intestinal microbiota, through its composition, plays a crucial role in the pathophysiological process of obesity. Its relationship with the gut-brain axis and the expression of metabolites has led to the development of new therapeutic approaches for managing obesity.